{"id":703,"date":"2017-12-24T18:56:02","date_gmt":"2017-12-24T17:56:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blockchain-x.eu\/?p=703"},"modified":"2018-03-15T19:51:13","modified_gmt":"2018-03-15T18:51:13","slug":"les-blockchains-pour-lexecution-automatique-de-programmes-autonomes-appeles-smart-contracts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/theblockchainforgood.org\/index.php\/2017\/12\/24\/les-blockchains-pour-lexecution-automatique-de-programmes-autonomes-appeles-smart-contracts\/","title":{"rendered":"Les blockchains pour l\u2019ex\u00e9cution automatique de programmes autonomes, appel\u00e9s\u00a0smart contracts"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Il n\u2019aura fallu que quelques ann\u00e9es pour que de nombreuses entreprises s\u2019emparent de cette invention qu&rsquo;est la blockchain et appliquent \u00e0 divers domaines, outre la banque, ce que le Bitcoin r\u00e9invente pour la monnaie\u00a0: passer d\u2019un fonctionnement centralis\u00e9 \u00e0 une organisation d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Chacune de ces entreprises d\u00e9ploie des services bas\u00e9s sur un registre distribu\u00e9 dont la promesse, \u00e0 l\u2019instar de la cryptomonnaie, repose sur l\u2019\u00e9limination des tiers de confiance historiques (notaire, administration, soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de gestion de droit d\u2019auteur\u2026). L\u2019utopie dont est porteur ce mod\u00e8le de base de donn\u00e9es peut s\u2019\u00e9tendre \u00e0 tous les domaines n\u00e9cessitant un organe central ou un tiers de confiance, mais \u00e9galement \u00e0 toute activit\u00e9 pour laquelle des \u00e9changes entre de multiples acteurs induisent de nombreux contr\u00f4les, des probl\u00e8mes de logistique, de lourdeur administrative et parfois de corruption.<\/p>\n<p>Comme aux d\u00e9buts de l\u2019automobile, lorsque la France comptait 155 constructeurs en 1914, de nombreuses exp\u00e9rimentations en cours dans le monde t\u00e9moignent de cet engouement pour les\u00a0<em>blockchains<\/em>, dont l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat et l\u2019utilit\u00e9 des services propos\u00e9s sont parfois relatifs. Selon le site\u00a0blockchainfrance.net, les applications se classent en trois cat\u00e9gories\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>le transfert d\u2019actifs, comme des monnaies \u00e9lectroniques, des titres, des actions ou des obligations ;<\/li>\n<li>la tenue d\u2019un registre, garantissant son int\u00e9grit\u00e9 comme l\u2019\u00e9tablissement d\u2019un cadastre ou la certification de dipl\u00f4mes ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>l\u2019ex\u00e9cution automatique de programmes autonomes, appel\u00e9s\u00a0<em>smart contracts<\/em>.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Les\u00a0<em>smart contracts<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>L\u2019ex\u00e9cution automatique de programmes autonomes, appel\u00e9s\u00a0<em>smart contracts<\/em>, est l\u2019un des domaines les plus prometteurs des bases de donn\u00e9es distribu\u00e9es de type\u00a0<em>blockchain<\/em>. Il ne s\u2019agit plus simplement de transfert d\u2019actifs ou de la tenue d\u2019un registre mais de rendre possible le d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019organisations autonomes d\u00e9centralis\u00e9es. Dans chaque n\u0153ud du r\u00e9seau Ethereum est install\u00e9e une EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine), dont l\u2019objet est d\u2019ex\u00e9cuter automatiquement les conditions et les termes de contrat, sans n\u00e9cessiter d\u2019intervention humaine, une fois lanc\u00e9s. Pour ne citer qu\u2019un seul exemple, la mise en \u0153uvre d\u2019une organisation autonome d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e de transport entre particuliers permettrait \u00e0 leurs utilisateurs \u2013 conducteurs et personnes souhaitant se d\u00e9placer \u2013 d\u2019\u00e9tablir un contrat, sans passer par un tiers de confiance, et de garantir le paiement. De fait, \u00e0 tous les services leaders du web, nouveaux interm\u00e9diaires des temps modernes, correspondent un ou plusieurs projets concurrents d\u2019organisation autonome d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e. Ainsi, LaZooz ou Arcade City, services de transport entre particuliers, concurrenceraient Uber ou Blablacar. Storj rivaliserait dans les services de\u00a0<em>cloud\u00a0computing<\/em>\u00a0avec DropBox. OpenBazaar deviendrait un site de petites annonces comme Craigslist. Slockit relie des objets physiques au r\u00e9seau Ethereum afin d\u2019interagir avec eux \u00e0 travers des\u00a0<em>smart contract<\/em>s\u00a0: une serrure d\u2019appartement connect\u00e9e lui permettrait de concurrencer AirBnB.<\/p>\n<div class=\"td-paragraph-padding-4\">\n<p><span class=\"td_text_highlight_marker_yellow td_text_highlight_marker\" style=\"color: #808080;\">En perfectionnant et en g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisant le mod\u00e8le du protocole Bitcoin, on cr\u00e9e des \u00ab organisations autonomes d\u00e9centralis\u00e9es \u00bb \u00a0(DAO) ou encore des \u00abordinateurs-mondes \u00bb. Ce sont des programmes indestructibles fonctionnant sans que personne ne puisse en prendre le contr\u00f4le. Le code d&rsquo;une telle DAO est ouvert et s&rsquo;ex\u00e9cute en parall\u00e8le sur une multitude de machines (les n\u0153uds d&rsquo;un r\u00e9seau P2P) qui se contr\u00f4lent les unes les autres. Sa m\u00e9moire est pr\u00e9sente sur une blockchain. On ne peut l&rsquo;arr\u00eater, ni en changer le fonctionnement. Les DAO constituent une \u00e9tape nouvelle dans la conception de logiciels s\u00fbrs au fonctionnement auditable par tous. Ce sont des instruments pour cr\u00e9er de la confiance&#8230; sans tiers de confiance. Ethereum est un tel ordinateur-monde et il permet d&rsquo;en cr\u00e9er d&rsquo;autres.<br \/>\nJean-Paul Delahaye, Universit\u00e9 Lille 1.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Au-del\u00e0\u00a0\u00ab d\u2019uberiser \u00bb\u00a0\u00e0 leur tour les nouveaux interm\u00e9diaires du web, la diversit\u00e9 des applications mises en \u0153uvre \u00e0 travers ces organisations autonomes d\u00e9centralis\u00e9es semble sans limite. Dans le domaine de la logistique et de la tra\u00e7abilit\u00e9 par exemple, la start-up Everledger utilise une\u00a0<em>blockchain<\/em>\u00a0pour combattre la fraude dans l\u2019industrie du diamant. Des start-up ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 mis en place un syst\u00e8me de vote, inviolable et infalsifiable. En France, laprimaire.org, initiative citoyenne organis\u00e9e en dehors de tout parti politique traditionnel, a utilis\u00e9 la plate-forme Ethereum pour organiser le vote de son candidat \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle 2017. Ainsi a peut-\u00eatre \u00e9t\u00e9 invent\u00e9 l\u2019un des futurs outils politiques au service de la d\u00e9mocratie.<\/p>\n<p>Dans les domaines de la production d\u2019\u00e9nergie solaire, de l\u2019assurance ou de la gestion des droits d\u2019auteur, l\u2019utilisation de\u00a0<em>smart contracts<\/em>\u00a0apporterait une transparence et une confiance, qui font parfois d\u00e9faut, tout en inventant des services d\u2019un genre in\u00e9dit.<\/p>\n<p>La production d\u2019\u00e9nergie solaire\u00a0\u2013 Le\u00a0<em>Solarcoin<\/em>\u00a0est une monnaie \u00e9lectronique adoss\u00e9e \u00e0 la production d\u2019\u00e9nergie solaire, cr\u00e9\u00e9e par la Fondation SolarCoin en 2014. C\u2019est un programme de r\u00e9compense, \u00e0 l\u2019instar des\u00a0<em>miles<\/em>\u00a0des compagnies a\u00e9riennes ou ferroviaires, qui vise \u00e0 encourager la production d\u2019\u00e9nergie solaire photovolta\u00efque \u00e0 travers le monde. Les d\u00e9tenteurs d\u2019installations photovolta\u00efques peuvent \u00eatre r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9s en monnaie \u00e9lectronique sur la base d\u2019un\u00a0<em>Solarcoin<\/em>\u00a0pour un m\u00e9gawattheure produit. Cette monnaie peut ensuite \u00eatre utilis\u00e9e entre les partenaires du projet, comme le fran\u00e7ais ekWateur (prononcer \u00e9quateur), premier fournisseur d\u2019\u00e9nergie fran\u00e7ais \u00e0 accepter le paiement de sa consommation d\u2019\u00e9nergie en\u00a0<em>Solarcoins<\/em>. L\u2019utilisation d\u2019une\u00a0<em>blockchain<\/em>\u00a0permet de certifier l\u2019origine de la production d\u2019\u00e9nergie solaire.\u00a0<em>\u00ab Les panneaux photovolta\u00efques des participants sont munis de capteurs qui envoient dans la\u00a0blockchain<\/em><em>\u00a0les informations sur les quantit\u00e9s d\u2019\u00e9lectrons produites\u00a0: quand, par quel panneau photovolta\u00efque de quel membre du r\u00e9seau, et ce dernier re\u00e7oit les\u00a0<\/em>SolarCoins<em>\u00a0correspondants. Le tout est consultable par tous les participants. Il n\u2019y a pas de serveur central ni d\u2019autorit\u00e9 r\u00e9gulatrice, car d\u00e8s lors qu\u2019une personne int\u00e8gre ce r\u00e9seau, la\u00a0<\/em><em>blockchain<\/em><em>\u00a0se t\u00e9l\u00e9charge sur son ordinateur \u00bb<\/em>. Autre partenaire de la Fondation SolarCoin, Lumo est une plate-forme d\u2019\u00e9pargne participative consacr\u00e9e aux \u00e9nergies renouvelables, dont l\u2019objectif est de populariser les\u00a0<em>SolarCoins<\/em>\u00a0et d\u2019en multiplier le nombre de d\u00e9tenteurs\u00a0:\u00a0<em>\u00ab tous ceux qui auront particip\u00e9 au financement d\u2019une centrale solaire recevront des\u00a0<\/em>SolarCoins<em>\u00a0\u00bb<\/em>, explique Alex Raguet, cofondateur de Lumo.<\/p>\n<p>Les assurances\u00a0\u2013 Les assureurs s\u2019int\u00e9ressent \u00e9galement aux\u00a0<em>smart contracts<\/em>, notamment dans le domaine de l\u2019assurance dite param\u00e9trique ou indicielle. Encourag\u00e9 par la Banque mondiale pour couvrir les agriculteurs des pays en voie de d\u00e9veloppement, ce type de contrats d\u2019assurance\u00a0intelligents, \u00e9galement disponible sur les march\u00e9s matures, consiste \u00e0 enclencher une indemnisation d\u00e8s lors qu\u2019une anomalie m\u00e9t\u00e9orologique est constat\u00e9e. Par exemple, un agriculteur souscrit une assurance stipulant qu\u2019une indemnisation sera vers\u00e9e apr\u00e8s 30 jours de s\u00e9cheresse. Lorsque l\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nement se produit, l\u2019agriculteur est automatiquement indemnis\u00e9, sans avoir \u00e0 faire de d\u00e9claration aupr\u00e8s de son assureur.<\/p>\n<p>Axa Assurances a r\u00e9cemment lanc\u00e9 une offre de\u00a0<em>smart contract<\/em>\u00a0sur la\u00a0<em>blockchain<\/em>\u00a0d\u2019Ethereum, visant \u00e0 indemniser les retards d\u2019avion de plus de deux heures. La souscription de l\u2019offre s\u2019effectue en ligne quinze jours avant le d\u00e9part. Le contrat est reli\u00e9 aux bases de donn\u00e9es de Flightstats, recensant le trafic a\u00e9rien mondial. D\u00e8s qu\u2019un vol a deux heures de retard, l\u2019indemnisation de l\u2019assur\u00e9 est d\u00e9clench\u00e9e automatiquement, sans que l\u2019assureur ait de d\u00e9claration de sinistre \u00e0 traiter. Actuellement test\u00e9e sur les vols transatlantiques directs entre l\u2019a\u00e9roport Paris Charles-de-Gaulle et les \u00c9tats-Unis, l\u2019offre a vocation \u00e0 s\u2019\u00e9tendre au reste du monde d\u00e8s 2018.<\/p>\n<p>Les droits d\u2019auteur\u00a0\u2013 La gestion des droits d\u2019auteur est un casse-t\u00eate pour l\u2019industrie musicale, tout particuli\u00e8rement aux \u00c9tats-Unis o\u00f9 les services de\u00a0<em>streaming<\/em>\u00a0rencontrent de plus en plus de succ\u00e8s. Le su\u00e9dois Spotify, leader mondial, est fr\u00e9quemment attaqu\u00e9 pour non-respect du versement des droits d\u2019auteur. Au terme d\u2019une longue bataille judiciaire aux \u00c9tats-Unis, l\u2019entreprise a finalement d\u00fb reverser en mars 2016 plus de vingt millions de dollars \u00e0 la National Music Publishers\u2019Association (NMPA), selon laquelle plus de 25 %\u00a0des \u00e9coutes sur Spotify \u00e9taient\u00a0\u00ab sans licence \u00bb. En avril 2017, Spotify a annonc\u00e9 avoir rachet\u00e9 la start-up Mediachain Labs, qui d\u00e9ploie une solution de\u00a0<em>smart contracts<\/em>\u00a0sur la\u00a0<em>blockchain<\/em>\u00a0d\u2019Ethereum, afin de g\u00e9rer finement les droits d\u2019auteur attach\u00e9s \u00e0 un artiste. Le service rendrait transparente l\u2019attribution d\u2019une \u0153uvre \u00e9cout\u00e9e sur la plate-forme \u00e0 tel ou tel artiste et d\u00e9clencherait automatiquement le paiement des droits d\u2019auteur.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c9galement en avril 2017, trois des plus importantes soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de gestion de droits d\u2019auteur au monde, la Sacem (Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des auteurs compositeurs et \u00e9diteurs de musique), l\u2019Ascap (American Society for Composers Authors and Publishers) et PRS for Music (Performing Right Society for Music) ont annonc\u00e9 travailler ensemble \u00e0 la mise en \u0153uvre d\u2019un prototype de\u00a0<em>\u00ab gestion partag\u00e9e des informations relatives aux droits d\u2019auteur \u00bb<\/em>. Ce prototype s\u2019appuie sur la\u00a0<em>blockchain<\/em>\u00a0<em>open source<\/em>\u00a0du consortium priv\u00e9 Hyperledger, chapeaut\u00e9 par la Fondation Linux, qui r\u00e9unit vingt-sept entreprises, notamment IBM, SAP, Fujitsu, GE, Hitachi et Huawei. Le prototype de gestion des droits d\u2019auteur reposera sur le projet Hyperledger Fabric, auquel IBM a grandement contribu\u00e9, et qui est un concurrent des\u00a0<em>smart contracts<\/em>\u00a0propos\u00e9s par Ethereum. Cette\u00a0<em>blockchain<\/em>\u00a0priv\u00e9e permettra d\u2019associer \u00e0 chaque morceau une signature contenant les informations li\u00e9es aux droits d\u2019auteur et, \u00e0 terme, de cr\u00e9er un\u00a0<em>\u00ab registre mondial des droits d\u2019auteur \u00bb<\/em>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"td-paragraph-padding-4\"><\/div>\n<p>D\u2019abord utilis\u00e9e comme registre, la\u00a0<em>blockchain<\/em>\u00a0pourrait \u00e0 terme \u00eatre assortie de\u00a0<em>smart contracts<\/em>\u00a0utiles pour affecter tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment les droits d\u2019auteur \u00e0 chaque \u0153uvre.\u00a0<em>\u00ab Un artiste pourra demander une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration pour une diffusion de sa musique \u00e0 la radio, ne pas en demander aux bo\u00eetes de nuit et demander un prix moins \u00e9lev\u00e9 aux particuliers. Il pourrait aussi ne pas faire payer des sites de\u00a0<\/em>streaming<em>\u00a0qui ont une approche \u00e9thique. Enfin, la\u00a0<\/em>blockchain<em>\u00a0et les\u00a0<\/em>smart contracts<em>\u00a0permettent de diff\u00e9rencier la r\u00e9partition des droits\u00a0:\u00a05 %\u00a0\u00e0 tel musicien,\u00a02 %\u00a0\u00e0 tel autre \u00bb<\/em>\u00a0explique Cl\u00e9ment Jeanneau, cofondateur de\u00a0Blockchain\u00a0France.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Il n\u2019aura fallu que quelques ann\u00e9es pour que de nombreuses entreprises s\u2019emparent de cette invention qu&rsquo;est la blockchain et appliquent \u00e0 divers domaines, outre la banque, ce que le Bitcoin r\u00e9invente pour la monnaie\u00a0: passer d\u2019un fonctionnement centralis\u00e9 \u00e0 une organisation d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e. Chacune de ces entreprises d\u00e9ploie des services bas\u00e9s sur un registre distribu\u00e9 dont [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":704,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[34],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-703","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-blockchain"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Les blockchains pour l\u2019ex\u00e9cution automatique de programmes autonomes, appel\u00e9s\u00a0smart contracts - Blockchain for Good<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/theblockchainforgood.org\/index.php\/2017\/12\/24\/les-blockchains-pour-lexecution-automatique-de-programmes-autonomes-appeles-smart-contracts\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Les blockchains pour l\u2019ex\u00e9cution automatique de programmes autonomes, appel\u00e9s\u00a0smart contracts - Blockchain for Good\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Il n\u2019aura fallu que quelques ann\u00e9es pour que de nombreuses entreprises s\u2019emparent de cette invention qu&rsquo;est la blockchain et appliquent \u00e0 divers domaines, outre la banque, ce que le Bitcoin r\u00e9invente pour la monnaie\u00a0: passer d\u2019un fonctionnement centralis\u00e9 \u00e0 une organisation d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e. 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