{"id":656,"date":"2018-02-13T18:39:20","date_gmt":"2018-02-13T17:39:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/soleedaire.fr\/?p=656"},"modified":"2018-03-08T23:24:02","modified_gmt":"2018-03-08T22:24:02","slug":"what-is-the-estonian-e-residency","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/theblockchainforgood.org\/index.php\/2018\/02\/13\/what-is-the-estonian-e-residency\/","title":{"rendered":"O\u00f9 en est le projet e-r\u00e9sidence lanc\u00e9 par l&rsquo;Estonie ?"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"feature\">\n<div class=\"pure-g\">\n<div class=\"pure-u-1 pure-u-md-7-12\">\n<section class=\"feature\">\n<div class=\"pure-g\">\n<div class=\"pure-u-1 pure-u-md-7-12\">\n<p><strong>Le projet e-r\u00e9sidence de l&rsquo;Estonie est un programme lanc\u00e9 le 1<sup>er<\/sup> d\u00e9cembre 2014 par le gouvernement de l&rsquo;Estonie, et qui permet \u00e0 n&rsquo;importe qui n&rsquo;ayant\u00a0pas la nationalit\u00e9 estonienne de b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier d&rsquo;une identit\u00e9 num\u00e9rique.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat ? Acc\u00e9der \u00e0 des services en ligne, notamment, \u00e9tablir une entreprise estonienne en ligne, administrer l&rsquo;entreprise depuis n&rsquo;importe o\u00f9 dans le monde, effectuer des op\u00e9rations bancaires \u00e9lectroniques et des transferts d&rsquo;argent \u00e0 distance, acc\u00e9der aux fournisseurs de services de paiement en ligne, signer num\u00e9riquement des documents et des contrats, v\u00e9rifier l&rsquo;authenticit\u00e9 des documents sign\u00e9s ou encore chiffrer et transmettre des documents en toute s\u00e9curit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/stampery-cdn\/build\/rsc\/logos\/eresidency.png?=1499247229272\" \/>Le sujet a largement \u00e9t\u00e9 couvert par la presse, <a href=\"http:\/\/mashable.france24.com\/tech-business\/20171004-e-resident-estonie-citoyennete-numerique-residency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ici<\/a>, l\u00e0 ou encore l\u00e0, ou directement par le <a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/e-residency-blog\/welcome-to-the-blockchain-nation-5d9b46c06fd4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">managing director de e-Residency<\/a>, par des <a href=\"http:\/\/revuecivique.eu\/articles-et-entretiens\/europe-0\/estonie-exemple-europeen-detat-numerique\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">voyages d&rsquo;\u00e9tudes<\/a>\u00a0organis\u00e9s sur place.\u00a0Il est m\u00eame possible de consulter un <a href=\"https:\/\/app.cyfe.com\/dashboards\/195223\/5587fe4e52036102283711615553\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tableau de bord<\/a> en ligne permettant de savoir o\u00f9 le projet en est.<\/p>\n<p>Le programme s&rsquo;inscrit, depuis 2001, dans la bascule num\u00e9rique de ce petit pays de 1,3 millions d&rsquo;habitants vers un mod\u00e8le dont l&rsquo;organisation de l&rsquo;administration publique se r\u00e9sume en une vid\u00e9o :<\/p>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/9PaHinkJlvA\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Il est tout d&rsquo;abord int\u00e9ressant de noter le chemin accompli entre le <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syst%C3%A8me_automatis%C3%A9_pour_les_fichiers_administratifs_et_le_r%C3%A9pertoire_des_individus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">projet Safari en France<\/a>, qui consistait \u00e0 interconnecter les donn\u00e9es personnelles des administr\u00e9s autour d&rsquo;un identifiant unique, et qui donna naissance, pour s&rsquo;y opposer, \u00e0\u00a0la Commission nationale de l&rsquo;informatique et des libert\u00e9s (notre ch\u00e8re <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnil.fr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CNIL<\/a>) et la possibilit\u00e9, aujourd&rsquo;hui, de repenser l&rsquo;int\u00e9gralit\u00e9 des relations entre les administrations publiques d&rsquo;un \u00e9tat et ses citoyens, o\u00f9 la question des donn\u00e9es personnelles n&rsquo;a d&rsquo;ailleurs pas \u00e9t\u00e9 mise \u00e0 la trappe. D&rsquo;ailleurs, il est impossible de comprendre la r\u00e9ussite d&rsquo;un programme comme celui-ci sans percevoir combien le citoyen a \u00e9t\u00e9 plac\u00e9, d\u00e8s l&rsquo;origine, au centre du fonctionnement d&rsquo;un tel syst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>A quoi \u00e7a sert ?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Aujourd&rsquo;hui, lorsque vous passez par les services d&rsquo;une administration publique, les m\u00eames informations vous sont toujours demand\u00e9es : nom, pr\u00e9nom, adresse, date de naissance etc. Pour parler de mon exp\u00e9rience personnelle, je suis enseignant vacataire dans une universit\u00e9 parisienne et chaque ann\u00e9e, il m&rsquo;est demand\u00e9 de remplir le m\u00eame formulaire, tr\u00e8s complet, et de fournir toujours les m\u00eames pi\u00e8ces administratives, passeport, RIB, etc. Etant en profession lib\u00e9rale, je suis en relation avec les URSSAF, le RSI, la CIPAV, qui, je peux vous l&rsquo;assurer, ont \u00e9norm\u00e9ment de mal \u00e0 communiquer entre elles. En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, toutes ces administrations ont leur propres bases de donn\u00e9es mais elles ne communiquent ni entre elles, ni avec des tiers.<\/p>\n<p>La philosophie de la plateforme\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/e-estonia.com\/solutions\/interoperability-services\/x-road\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">X-Road<\/a> est de permettre \u00e0 toutes ces bases de donn\u00e9es de communiquer entre elles, faisant ainsi gagner du temps \u00e0 l&rsquo;utilisateur du syst\u00e8me, mais \u00e9galement aux administrations elles-m\u00eames. X-Road permet \u00e0 des syst\u00e8mes d&rsquo;information diss\u00e9min\u00e9s dans de multiples administrations d&rsquo;\u00e9changer des donn\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re s\u00e9curis\u00e9e et d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e. Aujourd&rsquo;hui, quelque 1800 services administratifs estoniens s&rsquo;appuient sur un seul registre distribu\u00e9 et X-Road se targue d&rsquo;\u00e9conomiser l&rsquo;\u00e9quivalent de 800 ans de travail (administratif) chaque ann\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<div class=\"td-paragraph-padding-4\">\n<div class=\"td-paragraph-padding-6\">\n<p><span class=\"td_text_highlight_marker_yellow td_text_highlight_marker\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Le X-Road a \u00e9t\u00e9 lanc\u00e9 par le gouvernement estonien dans les ann\u00e9es 1990 pour cr\u00e9er un environnement s\u00e9curis\u00e9 et standardis\u00e9 pour l&rsquo;interop\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 gouvernementale, permettant un \u00e9change de donn\u00e9es s\u00e9curis\u00e9 entre les syst\u00e8mes d&rsquo;information et les bases de donn\u00e9es des diff\u00e9rentes organisations. La premi\u00e8re version a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par Cybernetica et lanc\u00e9e en 2001.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><strong>Et La s\u00e9curit\u00e9 dans tout \u00e7a ?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Arnaud Chastaignet, responsable des\u00a0relations publiques\u00a0du programme e-residency, explique que chaque estonien peut savoir tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment qui consulte ses donn\u00e9es personnelles, et la raison pour laquelle ces donn\u00e9es sont consult\u00e9es. Lorsqu&rsquo;elles circulent entre les diff\u00e9rentes administrations, les donn\u00e9es sont sign\u00e9es \u00e9lectroniquement et chiffr\u00e9es. Lorsqu&rsquo;un Estonien utilise le service num\u00e9rique d&rsquo;une administration, les donn\u00e9es sont authentifi\u00e9es et enregistr\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re totalement s\u00e9curis\u00e9e. Par exemple lorsqu&rsquo;un enfant na\u00eet, son num\u00e9ro d&rsquo;identit\u00e9 est automatiquement g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 et transmis au diff\u00e9rents services de l&rsquo;Etat, au point que, lorsqu&rsquo;il aura l&rsquo;\u00e2ge d&rsquo;entrer \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9cole, la plateforme pourra m\u00eame signaler \u00e0 l&rsquo;Education nationale que l&rsquo;enfant doit \u00eatre inscrit \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9cole.<\/p>\n<p>En\u00a02011, l&rsquo;Estonie a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de faire \u00e9voluer la plateforme X-Road vers un registre distribu\u00e9 de type blockchain priv\u00e9, renfor\u00e7ant la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du syst\u00e8me : il est dor\u00e9navant impossible pour quiconque de modifier des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 l&rsquo;insu de son utilisateur.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Evolution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Mais l&rsquo;Estonie ne compte pas s&rsquo;arr\u00eater l\u00e0. En octobre 2017, elle a annonc\u00e9 un partenariat entre le programme e-residency et\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/bitnation.co\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bitnation<\/a>, un projet open-source et d\u00e9centralis\u00e9 aliment\u00e9 par la cha\u00eene de blocs d&rsquo;Ethereum dont l&rsquo;objectif est \u00ab\u00a0<em>de favoriser un syst\u00e8me de gouvernance participatif, volontaire et virtuel, en progr\u00e8s sur mod\u00e8le actuel de l&rsquo;\u00c9tat-nation, r\u00e9novant les notions de fronti\u00e8re, de taille de la population et de l&rsquo;appartenance par la naissance\u00a0\u00bb<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bitnation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Source<\/a><\/p>\n<section class=\"feature\">\n<div class=\"pure-g\">\n<div class=\"pure-u-1 pure-u-md-7-12\">\n<section class=\"feature\">\n<div class=\"pure-g\">\n<p>En s&rsquo;authentifiant gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 leur identit\u00e9 d&rsquo;e-resident, les utilisateurs ont la possibilit\u00e9 d&rsquo;utiliser un service de notariat, <a href=\"https:\/\/bitnation.co\/public-notary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Public Notary<\/a>, et de signer des contrats commerciaux.\u00a0Kaspar Korjus, directeur du programme e-Residency explique que \u00ab\u00a0<em>les services de la blockchain n&rsquo;ont une vraie valeur que si l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 des auteurs qui ont inscrit quelque chose sur les maillons est authentifi\u00e9e ; on sait que les personnes ayant souscrit \u00e0 un contrat enregistr\u00e9 sur la blockchain de Bitnation sont bien ceux qu&rsquo;ils pr\u00e9tendent \u00eatre car pour accorder l&rsquo;e-r\u00e9sidence, l&rsquo;Estonie v\u00e9rifie l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 et fait une v\u00e9rification des ant\u00e9c\u00e9dents<\/em>\u00ab\u00a0.\u00a0Ces contrats seront donc opposables et admis en tant que preuve devant un tribunal, qui admet d\u00e9j\u00e0 les mails ou les accords verbaux pour prouver l&rsquo;existence d&rsquo;un contrat entre deux personnes.<\/p>\n<p>Aujourd&rsquo;hui, X-Road est aussi impl\u00e9ment\u00e9 en Finlande, en Azerba\u00efdjan, en Namibie et dans les \u00celes F\u00e9ro\u00e9. Depuis juin 2017, un accord a \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9 entre l&rsquo;Estonie et la Finlande. Les deux pays \u00e9changent automatiquement des donn\u00e9es sur des registres commerciaux, l&rsquo;\u00e9tat civil, l&rsquo;assurance\u00a0maladie et des donn\u00e9es maritimes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pure-g\">\n<div class=\"pure-u-1 pure-u-md-7-12\">\n<p><strong>Et la France dans tout \u00e7a ?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>La promesse du gouvernement d\u2019Emmanuel Macron est ambitieuse puisque 100% des d\u00e9marches administratives devraient \u00eatre d\u00e9mat\u00e9rialis\u00e9es d&rsquo;ici 2022. Un voeu pieu ? En tout cas, le <a href=\"http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.fr\/2017\/06\/28\/pourquoi-edouard-philippe-a-choisi-lestonie-pour-son-premier-vo_a_23005671\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">premier voyage<\/a> de son premier ministre fut&#8230;<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"fr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"fr\">Arriv\u00e9e en Estonie pour rencontrer ses dirigeants, \u00e9changer sur leur pr\u00e9sidence du Conseil de l&rsquo;UE et s&rsquo;inspirer de leur e-administration. <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/qgVZbkjXPK\">pic.twitter.com\/qgVZbkjXPK<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u2014 Edouard Philippe (@EPhilippePM) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/EPhilippePM\/status\/880066304341942272?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">28 juin 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le projet e-r\u00e9sidence de l&rsquo;Estonie est un programme lanc\u00e9 le 1er d\u00e9cembre 2014 par le gouvernement de l&rsquo;Estonie, et qui permet \u00e0 n&rsquo;importe qui n&rsquo;ayant\u00a0pas la nationalit\u00e9 estonienne de b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier d&rsquo;une identit\u00e9 num\u00e9rique.\u00a0 L&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat ? Acc\u00e9der \u00e0 des services en ligne, notamment, \u00e9tablir une entreprise estonienne en ligne, administrer l&rsquo;entreprise depuis n&rsquo;importe o\u00f9 dans le [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":657,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[45],"tags":[59,32,58,57,54],"class_list":["post-656","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-blockchain-etat","tag-bitnation","tag-blockchain","tag-e-residency","tag-estonie","tag-x-road"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>O\u00f9 en est le projet e-r\u00e9sidence lanc\u00e9 par l&#039;Estonie ? - Blockchain for Good<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/theblockchainforgood.org\/index.php\/2018\/02\/13\/what-is-the-estonian-e-residency\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"O\u00f9 en est le projet e-r\u00e9sidence lanc\u00e9 par l&#039;Estonie ? - Blockchain for Good\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Le projet e-r\u00e9sidence de l&rsquo;Estonie est un programme lanc\u00e9 le 1er d\u00e9cembre 2014 par le gouvernement de l&rsquo;Estonie, et qui permet \u00e0 n&rsquo;importe qui n&rsquo;ayant\u00a0pas la nationalit\u00e9 estonienne de b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier d&rsquo;une identit\u00e9 num\u00e9rique.\u00a0 L&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat ? 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