{"id":1924,"date":"2020-12-02T13:23:53","date_gmt":"2020-12-02T12:23:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/theblockchainforgood.org\/\/?p=1924"},"modified":"2020-12-02T13:25:05","modified_gmt":"2020-12-02T12:25:05","slug":"blockchains-publiques-blockchains-privees-quelle-difference","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/theblockchainforgood.org\/index.php\/2020\/12\/02\/blockchains-publiques-blockchains-privees-quelle-difference\/","title":{"rendered":"Blockchains publiques – blockchains priv\u00e9es. Quelle diff\u00e9rence ?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Les blockchains publiques sont aux blockchains priv\u00e9es ce que le re\u0301seau Internet est aux re\u0301seaux intranet. Alors que le re\u0301seau Internet est accessible a\u0300 tout le monde, un re\u0301seau intranet ne le sera qu\u2019a\u0300 ceux qui le de\u0301ploient. La diffe\u0301rence fondamentale tient au me\u0301canisme de consensus, qui permet de valider les transactions, et donc a\u0300 l\u2019immuabilite\u0301 des donne\u0301es.<\/p>\n

Ainsi, une blockchain publique<\/strong>, sans permission (permissionless blockchain<\/em>) est ouverte a\u0300 tous, sans restriction d\u2019acce\u0300s. Par nature totalement de\u0301centralise\u0301e, quiconque peut y effectuer des transactions, lire les transactions et tous ceux qui le souhaitent (et en ont les moyens) peuvent participer comme n\u0153ud de validation des transactions, et participer aux re\u0300gles de fonctionnement du re\u0301seau et de la communaute\u0301. Cela signifie qu\u2019aucune entite\u0301 n\u2019a le contro\u0302le du re\u0301seau, ce qui garantit que les donne\u0301es ne peuvent pas e\u0302tre modifie\u0301es une fois enregistre\u0301es dans le registre public. Bitcoin<\/a>, Ethereum<\/a> ou en encore EOS<\/a> sont les plus connues.<\/p>\n

Bitcoin is an innovative payment network and a new kind of money.\u00a0Ethereum is a global, open-source platform for decentralized applications.\u00a0EOS is the leading open-source blockchain platform that enables transparency in transactions at the speed and scale needed to solve real-world challenges.<\/em><\/p>\n

Une nuance intervient selon que les transactions d\u2019une blockchain publique soient lisibles ou non par tous. Certaines blockchains publiques sont par nature axe\u0301es sur l\u2019anonymat de leurs utilisateurs. Monero<\/a> ou encore ZCash<\/a> sont deux blockchains publiques mais dont le contenu des transactions est anonymis\u00e9, de telle sorte que leur lisibilite\u0301 sera prive\u0301e.<\/p>\n

Une blockchain prive\u0301e, avec permission<\/strong> (permissioned blockchain<\/em>) ou semi-prive\u0301e, dite de consortium (semi-pemissioned blockchain<\/em>), ope\u0300re quant a\u0300 elle un contro\u0302le d\u2019acce\u0300s restreignant ceux qui peuvent rejoindre le re\u0301seau, devenir un n\u0153ud de validation et effectuer des transactions. Une blockchain prive\u0301e de\u0301signe donc une base de donne\u0301es de\u0301centralise\u0301e, de nouvelle ge\u0301ne\u0301ration, dont l\u2019utilisation se limite a\u0300 certains membres identifie\u0301s. Alors que les blockchains prive\u0301es sont totalement contro\u0302le\u0301es par une entite\u0301 centralise\u0301e, chacun des membres devant e\u0302tre accepte\u0301 par ce seul acteur, les blockchains de consortium<\/strong> distribue le me\u0301canisme de validation des transactions a\u0300 travers chacun des acteurs du consortium. Chaque partenaire posse\u0300dera un n\u0153ud du re\u0301seau et les transactions seront valide\u0301es selon le me\u0301canisme choisis, par exemple sur la base d\u2019une majorite\u0301 acquise au sein de ces membres.<\/p>\n

Les organisations centralise\u0301es pre\u0301fe\u0300rent ainsi les blockchains prive\u0301es ou de consortium, qui exploitent le caracte\u0300re de\u0301centralise\u0301 du re\u0301seau mais pour leurs propres ope\u0301rations internes afin d\u2019e\u0301changer des informations entre eux de manie\u0300re se\u0301curise\u0301e.<\/p>\n

Les blockchains prive\u0301es ont ainsi une ou plusieurs entite\u0301s qui contro\u0302lent le re\u0301seau.<\/p>\n

Une blockchain prive\u0301e peut tout a\u0300 fait rendre publique une partie des informations qu\u2019elle contient, permettant ainsi a\u0300 des tiers d\u2019y lire des informations sans restriction d\u2019acce\u0300s. C\u2019est notamment le cas des prototypes de blockchains prive\u0301es de\u0301ploye\u0301es par le groupe de grande distribution Carrefour pour la trac\u0327abilite\u0301 de certains produits alimentaires labe\u0301lise\u0301s, auquel le consommateur acce\u0300de avec un smartphone.<\/p>\n

Une confusion fre\u0301quente consiste a\u0300 penser que l\u2019acce\u0300s aux donne\u0301es d\u2019une blockchain publique est public et que l\u2019acce\u0300s aux donne\u0301es d\u2019une blockchain prive\u0301e est restreint. Or, il n\u2019en est rien.<\/p>\n

Peut-e\u0302tre serait-il pre\u0301fe\u0301rable de parler de blockchain ouverte et de blockchain ferme\u0301e, comme l\u2019explique Victor Gosselin de chez Ownest<\/a>, une entreprise blockchain dont l\u2019objet est de tracer les responsabilite\u0301s sur une chaine logistique. \u00ab Parler de blockchain ouverte pluto\u0302t que de blockchain publique retranscrit davantage une re\u0301alite\u0301 tangible ou\u0300 l\u2019acce\u0300s n\u2019est pas conditionne\u0301 par l\u2019obtention d\u2019une autorisation de la part d\u2019un re\u0301gulateur de la blockchain \u00bb. Il existerait donc des blockchains ouvertes, semi-ouvertes et ferme\u0301es, me\u0302me si, pour les puristes, seules les premie\u0300res ont un re\u0301el inte\u0301re\u0302t et peuvent se revendiquer e\u0302tre de \u00ab ve\u0301ritables blockchains <\/em>\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Cependant, il ne s\u2019agit pas pour autant d\u2019opposer syste\u0301matiquement les blockchains ouvertes ou publiques et les blockchains prive\u0301es ou ferme\u0301es. En effet, de nouvelles technologies e\u0301mergent afin d\u2019hybrider les deux types de blockchains, notamment pour parer aux proble\u0300mes de scalabilite\u0301 des blockchains publiques comme Bitcoin ou Ethereum.<\/p>\n

La technologie dite de \u00ab layer two \u00bb, e\u0301galement appele\u0301e \u00ab hors chai\u0302ne \u00bb (off-chain) a pour objet d\u2019augmenter les capacite\u0301s de transaction d\u2019une blockchain publique tout en conservant les avantages de la de\u0301centralisation d\u2019un protocole distribue\u0301.<\/p>\n

Le \u00ab Lightning Network \u00bb est une solution de Layer 2 fonctionnant sur le protocole Bitcoin. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019un protocole de paiement qui fonctionne au-dessus du protocole Bitcoin et qui permet d\u2019acce\u0301le\u0301rer les temps de transaction entre les n\u0153uds. Le fonctionnement du Lightning Network consiste a\u0300 ouvrir un canal de paiement sur une blockchain publique, alors appele\u0301e Layer 1, en l\u2019occurrence Bitcoin pour le Lightning Network. Une fois ce canal de paiement ouvert sur la blockchain principale, les acteurs vont ope\u0301rer entre eux autant de transactions que souhaite\u0301es. Ce canal de paiement peut rester ouvert quelques heures ou plusieurs mois. L\u2019inscription dans la blockchain publique ne se fera qu\u2019a\u0300 la fermeture du canal de paiement, en inscrivant le solde final de la transaction entre les acteurs ayant ouvert ce canal de paiement.<\/p>\n

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Cet article est extrait du livre blanc \u00ab Blockchain et d\u00e9veloppement durable \u00bb,\u00a0\u00e0 t\u00e9l\u00e9charger librement<\/a> sur ce site.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Les blockchains publiques sont aux blockchains priv\u00e9es ce que le re\u0301seau Internet est aux re\u0301seaux intranet. Alors que le re\u0301seau Internet est accessible a\u0300 tout le monde, un re\u0301seau intranet ne le sera qu\u2019a\u0300 ceux qui le de\u0301ploient. La diffe\u0301rence fondamentale tient au me\u0301canisme de consensus, qui permet de valider les transactions, et donc a\u0300 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1926,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3,34,42],"tags":[70,119,174,175],"class_list":{"0":"post-1924","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-featured","8":"category-blockchain","9":"category-blockchain-transfert","10":"tag-blockchain-privee","11":"tag-blockchain-publique","12":"tag-blokchcain","13":"tag-lightning-network"},"yoast_head":"\nBlockchains publiques - blockchains priv\u00e9es. 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