{"id":1708,"date":"2020-06-29T09:00:06","date_gmt":"2020-06-29T07:00:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blockchain-x.eu\/?p=1708"},"modified":"2020-12-10T17:49:48","modified_gmt":"2020-12-10T16:49:48","slug":"blockchain-monnaie-communautaire-lexemple-de-grassroots-economics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/theblockchainforgood.org\/index.php\/2020\/06\/29\/blockchain-monnaie-communautaire-lexemple-de-grassroots-economics\/","title":{"rendered":"Blockchain & monnaie communautaire : l’exemple de Grassroots Economics"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Grassroots Economics est une fondation \u00e0 but non lucratif qui d\u00e9veloppe et met en \u0153uvre des programmes de monnaies communautaires dans les quartiers d\u00e9favoris\u00e9s des grandes villes d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Est et Centrale, et notamment au Kenya.<\/strong><\/p>\n

En 2010, Grassroots Economics<\/a> a lanc\u00e9 son premier programme de monnaie communautaire dans les quartiers d\u00e9favoris\u00e9s de Mombasa et de Nairobi au Kenya, avant de s\u2019\u00e9tendre \u00e0 quatre autres communaut\u00e9s locales. Cinq monnaies locales circulent en 2015 et sont alors r\u00e9unies sous un parapluie commun appel\u00e9 Sarafu Credit[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ces diff\u00e9rents monnaies compl\u00e9mentaires permettent, lorsqu’il n’y a plus de circulation de monnaie nationale, le shilling kenyan, de continuer \u00e0 satisfaire localement les besoins essentiels, tels que l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la nourriture et le paiement des frais de scolarit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Jusque r\u00e9cemment, ces monnaies prenaient la forme de billets en papier, circulant \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 de la monnaie nationale, le shilling kenyan.<\/p>\n

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Les monnaies communautaires cr\u00e9ent ainsi un moyen d’\u00e9change stable li\u00e9 au d\u00e9veloppement local et contourne ainsi l\u2019instabilit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique et la raret\u00e9 de l\u2019argent liquide, tout particuli\u00e8rement lors de crises, telle que celle provoqu\u00e9e par la Covid 19 en mars 2020.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

En juin 2018, Grassroots Economics a fait \u00e9voluer son syst\u00e8me de monnaie papier vers une blockchain en utilisant le protocole et le r\u00e9seau Bancor<\/a>[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Bancor<\/strong> est un service bas\u00e9 sur la blockchain Ethereum permettant l\u2019\u00e9change d\u00e9centralis\u00e9 de jeton (appel\u00e9s DEX, pour Decentralized Exchange) reposant sur des smart contracts<\/em> et des \u00ab Atomic Swap \u00bb.<\/p>\n

Un Atomic Swap permet \u00e0 deux personnes qui ne se connaissent pas d\u2019\u00e9changer des jetons sans interm\u00e9diaire et sans avoir besoin de se faire confiance. Si l\u2019un d\u2019eux ne respecte pas son engagement et n\u2019envoie pas les jetons, alors l\u2019autre personne sera rembours\u00e9e de son envoi gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une protection inscrite dans un smart contract<\/em>.<\/p>\n

L\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat du r\u00e9seau Bancor est d\u2019apporter de la liquidit\u00e9 \u00e0 des jetons dont l\u2019offre et la demande sont faibles.<\/p>\n

Si les bitcoin ou les Ether n\u2019ont pas de probl\u00e8me de liquidit\u00e9, parce que de tr\u00e8s nombreux acheteurs et vendeurs se rencontrent sur des plateformes d\u2019\u00e9change, ce n\u2019est pas le cas de milliers de jetons dont l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 locale peut \u00eatre tr\u00e8s forte pour le petit nombre d\u2019utilisateurs mais dont les \u00e9changes \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale sont extr\u00eamement faibles. Le protocole Bancor permet ainsi de convertir des jetons entre eux plut\u00f4t que devoir les \u00e9changer sur une plateforme traditionnelle d\u2019\u00e9change de jetons. En juin 2017, Bancor a r\u00e9alis\u00e9 une ICO leur permettant de lever l’\u00e9quivalent de 153 millions de dollars en seulement quelques heures.<\/p>\n

D\u2019un point de vue financier, le r\u00e9seau Bancor et son fonctionnement via Atomic Swap<\/em> pourrait \u00eatre compar\u00e9 au r\u00f4le des banques centrales qui d\u00e9tiennent des r\u00e9serves de devises. Exception faite que les \u00e9changes de jetons se r\u00e9alisent de pair-\u00e0-pair, sont s\u00e9curis\u00e9s et ne passent par aucun interm\u00e9diaire, pas m\u00eame une plateforme d\u2019\u00e9change.<\/p>\n

Bernard Lietaer, disparu le 4 f\u00e9vrier 2019, \u00e9tait un \u00e9conomiste et universitaire belge, professeur \u00e0 l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Berkeley et cofondateur de l’Euro. Sp\u00e9cialiste des questions mon\u00e9taires internationales, il fut l\u2019un des plus grands promoteurs des monnaies compl\u00e9mentaires comme outil de r\u00e9silience \u00e9conomique et territoriale. Soutien de la premi\u00e8re heure du r\u00e9seau Bancor, il le d\u00e9finissait ainsi\u00a0: \u00ab l’id\u00e9e principale est de permettre aux utilisateurs d’\u00e9mettre des devises compl\u00e9mentaires \u00e0 la condition que le jeton \u00e9mis d\u00e9tienne une ou plusieurs r\u00e9serves, telles que des devises num\u00e9riques ou conventionnelles, ainsi que d’autres actifs. Cela permettra \u00e0 toute devise utilisant ce protocole d’\u00eatre \u00e9chang\u00e9e contre toute autre devise faisant partie du \u00ab\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>panier de r\u00e9serve\u00ab\u00a0, sans avoir besoin d’une contrepartie pour le faire<\/em><\/strong>[3]<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Pour une fondation \u00e0 but non lucratif comme Grassroots Economics, l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat d\u2019utiliser le r\u00e9seau Bancor est ainsi de pouvoir offrir une bien meilleure liquidit\u00e9 aux monnaies communautaires cr\u00e9\u00e9es localement, en permettant \u00e0 leur d\u00e9tenteur non seulement de les utiliser \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle locale, mais \u00e9galement de les convertir dans n\u2019importe quel autre cryptodevises, bitcoin, Ether ou autre jeton ainsi qu\u2019en monnaie fiduciaire.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Sarafu veut dire \u00ab monnaie \u00bb swahili.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> En r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0Bancor\u00a0\u00bb, mot propos\u00e9 par l\u2019\u00e9conomiste Keynes, et refus\u00e9 par les Etats-Unis, pour d\u00e9crire une monnaie servant d’\u00e9talon mon\u00e9taire international lors de la conf\u00e9rence de Bretton Woods en 1944.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> \u00ab Bernard Lietaer, un guerrier de la justice financi\u00e8re qui s’est battu pour la libert\u00e9 de la monnaie \u00bb, Supportivy.com, 7 f\u00e9vrier 2019.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Cet article est extrait du livre blanc \u00ab Blockchain et d\u00e9veloppement durable \u00bb,\u00a0\u00e0 t\u00e9l\u00e9charger librement<\/a> sur ce site.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Grassroots Economics est une fondation \u00e0 but non lucratif qui d\u00e9veloppe et met en \u0153uvre des programmes de monnaies communautaires dans les quartiers d\u00e9favoris\u00e9s des grandes villes d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Est et Centrale, et notamment au Kenya. En 2010, Grassroots Economics a lanc\u00e9 son premier programme de monnaie communautaire dans les quartiers d\u00e9favoris\u00e9s de Mombasa et […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1711,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[34,42],"tags":[158,32,157,159],"class_list":{"0":"post-1708","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-blockchain","8":"category-blockchain-transfert","9":"tag-bancor","10":"tag-blockchain","11":"tag-grassroots-economics","12":"tag-monnaie-communautaire"},"yoast_head":"\nBlockchain & monnaie communautaire : l'exemple de Grassroots Economics - Blockchain for Good<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/theblockchainforgood.org\/index.php\/2020\/06\/29\/blockchain-monnaie-communautaire-lexemple-de-grassroots-economics\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Blockchain & monnaie communautaire : l'exemple de Grassroots Economics - Blockchain for Good\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Grassroots Economics est une fondation \u00e0 but non lucratif qui d\u00e9veloppe et met en \u0153uvre des programmes de monnaies communautaires dans les quartiers d\u00e9favoris\u00e9s des grandes villes d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Est et Centrale, et notamment au Kenya. 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